For most, if not all, coastal areas there is information available for knowing what land is at most risk when there are high waters. That could be a surge from the ocean side or river flooding. Historical flood levels and modeling are used. If you need to buy flood insurance, you can bet the insurance company knows how much risk is associated with your property based on history. But like actuarial tables for life insurance, it's hard to predict an actual event like a heart attack or a hurricane landfall location.
For example, NC has a website dedicated to floor risk:
Here's a risk map for part of Wilmington, NC
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